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Carbide Publications

R.W. Strayer , W. Mackie, and L.W. Swanson, "Work function measurements by the field emission retarding potential method," Surface Science, 34, 225 (1973).

W.A. Mackie and C.H. Hinrichs, "Preparation of ZrC x single crystals by an arc melting floating zone technique," Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 87, pp. 101-106, 1988.

W.A. Mackie and P.R. Davis, "Single-crystal zirconium carbide as a high-temperature thermionic cathode material," IEEE - Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 36 (1) January, 1989.

P.R. Davis and W.A. Mackie, "Techniques for the study of diffusion in advanced TEC cathodes," Proceedings of the 1989 Thermionic Energy Conversion Specialist Conference, Eindhoven , Netherlands , October, 1989.

W.A. Mackie, C.H. Hinrichs and P.R. Davis, "Preparation and characterization of zirconium carbide field emitters," IEEE - Transactions of Electron Devices, vol. 36 (11), p 220, November, 1989.

W.A. Mackie, C.H. Hinrichs, I.M. Cohen, J.S. Alin, D.T. Schnitzler, P. Carleson, R. Ginn, P. Krueger, C.G. Vetter and P.R. Davis, "Effective thermionic work function measurements of zirconium carbide using a computer-processed image of a thermionic projection microscope pattern,"Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, vol. 8 (3) Part II, May/June, 1990.

C.H. Hinrichs, M.H. Hinrichs and W.A. Mackie, "Electrical resistivity of crystalline ZrC 0.93, 1000-3000 K," Journal of Applied Physics, 68 (7), 1 October 1990 .

W.A. Mackie, C.H. Hinrichs and P.R. Davis, "Effective work function measurements of advanced cathode materials via a thermionic projection microscope system," IEEE - Transactions of Electron Devices, 37 (12), p 2568, Dec. 1990.

C.H. Hinrichs, W.A. Mackie, and Philip Pincosy, "The extended Schottky cathode," IEEE - Transactions of Electron Devices, 37 (12), p 2575, Dec. 1990.

P.R. Davis and W.A. Mackie, "Thermionic Projection Microscope investigation of TEC electrode surfaces," in 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference , 1990 Proceedings, eds. P.A. Nelson, W.W. Schertz, R.H. Till (New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1990), Vol. 2.

W.A. Mackie, P. Carleson, J. Filion and C.H. Hinrichs, "Normal spectral emittance of crystalline transition metal carbides," Journal of Applied Physics., 69 (10), May 1991.

W.A. Mackie, J.L. Morrissey, C.H. Hinrichs, and P.R. Davis, "Field Emission from Hafnium Carbide," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 10(4) Part III, July/Aug. 1992.

W.A. Mackie, J.L. Morrissey, C.H. Hinrichs, R.L. Hartman, and P.R. Davis, "Stable pulsed and dc field emission at high current densities from hafnium carbide," in Tri-Service/NASA Cathode Workshop, 1992 Proceedings, eds. J.W. Gibson Washington: Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 1992).

W.A. Mackie, R.L. Hartman, and P.R. Davis, "High current density field emission from transition metal carbides," Applied Surface Science, 67 (1993) 29-35.

W.A. Mackie, R.L. Hartman, M.A. Anderson, and P.R. Davis, "Transition metal carbides for use as field emission cathodes," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 12(2) March/April 1994.

R.L. Hartman, W.A. Mackie, and P.R. Davis, "Use of boundary element methods in field emission computations," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 12(2) March/April 1994.

C. H. Hinrichs, W. A. Mackie, Ira Cohen, Jack Alin, Don Schnitzler, and Ian Noel, "Work function measurements using an improved thermionic projection microscope," Review of Scientific Instruments, 65 (12) December 1994.

W.A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , and P.R. Davis, “Field emission from carbide film cathodes,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 13 (6), 2459-63, (1995).

M.L. Yu, B.W. Hussey, E. Dratschmer, T.H.P. Chang, and W.A. Mackie, “Improved emission stability of carburized HfC(100) and ultra-sharp tungsten field emitters”, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 13 (6), 2436-40, Nov/Dec (1995).

W.A. Mackie, W.L. Emery & P.R. Davis, “Miniature flash heated field emission structures,” in Eighth International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, 1995 Technical Digest, eds. A.E. Bell & W.A. Mackie, IEEE & EDS, July (1995).

P.R. Davis, W.A. Mackie, C.H. Hinrichs, J.D. Parsons, & J. King, “MSM cathodes using b -SiC,” in Eighth International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, 1995 Technical Digest, eds. A.E. Bell & W.A. Mackie, IEEE & EDS, July (1995).

Tianbao Xie , W.A. Mackie, P.R. Davis, “Field emission from ZrC films on Si and Mo single emitters and emitter arrays,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 14 (3), 2090-2 (1996).

R.L. Hartman, W.A. Mackie, P.R. Davis, “3D axisymmetric space charge simulation via boundary elements and emitted particles,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 14 (3), 1952-7 (1996).

W.A. Mackie, J.E. Plumlee, & A.E. Bell, “Work function measurements of diamond film surfaces,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 14 (3), 2041-5 (1996).

M.L. Yu, H.S. Kim, B.W. Hussey, T.H.P. Chang, & W.A. Mackie, “Energy distribution of field emitted electrons from carbide tips and tungsten tips with diamondlike carbon coatings.” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , 14 (6), 3797-3801 (1996).

M.L. Yu, N.D. Lang, B.W. Hussey, T.H.P. Chang, & W.A. Mackie, “New evidence for localized electronic states on atomically sharp field emitters,” Physical Review Letters, 77 (8), 1636-9 Aug. (1996).

C.M. Marrese, A.D. Gallimore, W.A. Mackie, & D.E. Evans, “Design of a cathode to operate in an oxygen-rich environment.” paper presented at Space Technology & Applications International Forum (STAIF-97), Albuquerque , NM , January, 1997.

W.A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , & P.R. Davis, “Field emission from HfC or Ni films deposited on single tip Mo field emitters.” paper delivered at ICOPS-97, San Diego , CA , May (1997).

W. A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , J.E. Blackwood, & P.R. Davis, “Field emission from HfC films on Mo field emitter arrays and from HfC arrays.” paper delivered at ICOPS-97, San Diego, CA, May (1997).

C.M. Marrese, W.A. Mackie, & A.D. Gallimore, “Preliminary design and experimental evaluation of carbide field emitters in mTorr pressure environments,” paper delivered at ICOPS-97, San Diego, CA, May (1997).

J.R. Sheats, W.A. Mackie, Samir Anz, Tianbao Xie , “Polymer electroluminescent devices with zirconium carbide cathodes,” to be published in SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 3148 (1997).

W.A. Mackie, T. Xie, J.E. Blackwood, S.C. Williams, and P.R. Davis, “Hafnium carbide films and film-coated field emission cathodes,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 16 (3) 1215 (1998).

W. A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , M.R. Matthews, B.R. Routh, Jr., and P. R. Davis, “Field emission from ZrC and ZrC films on Mo field emitters.” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 16 (4) July/Aug (1998).

W. A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , M.R. Matthews, and P. R. Davis, “Emission and processing requirements for carbide films on Mo field emitters,” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. , Vol. 509, 173 (1998)

Cha-Mei Tang and William Mackie, “Transition metal carbide field emitter cathodes for FEL applications,” Proc. of the 20th Intl. FEL98 Conf., Williamsburg , VA , August 16-21, (1998).

W. A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , and P.R. Davis, “Transition metal carbide field emitters for FEA devices and high current applications,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 17 (2) 613 (1999).

F.M. Charbonnier, W.A. Mackie, T. Xie, and P.R. Davis, “Enhanced field emission from carbide-coated field emitters and device applications,” Ultramicroscopy, Sept. (1999).

W. A. Mackie, T. Xie, K.S. Lee, M.J. Kirby, B. R. Routh Jr., and P. R. Davis, “High current dc and pulsed field emission from single zirconium carbide emitters in apertures,” submitted to Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, July (1999).

W. A. Mackie, Tianbao Xie , K.S. Lee, A.T. McCallum, M.J. Kirby, and P. R. Davis, “High current field emission from ZrC with differing cone angles,” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 558, 569 (2000).

F.M. Charbonnier, W. A. Mackie, R.L. Hartman, and Tianbao Xie , “Robust high current field emitter tips and arrays for vacuum microelectronics devices,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B , 19 (3) 1064 (2001).

C.M Marrese-Reading, J. Polk, W.A. Mackie, Chris Dandeneau , Bruce Koel, Michael Quinlan, “Field emission array cathode material selection for compatibility with electric propulsion applications,” Paper delivered and submitted to Electrochemical Society conference, Philadelphia, PA, (May 2002).

W.A. Mackie, C. Dandeneau, L.A. Southall, & F.M. Charbonnier, “Study of emitter materials for use in hostile environments,” Paper delivered and submitted to Electrochemical Society conference, Philadelphia , PA , (May 2002).

W. A. Mackie, L. A. Southall, Tianbao Xie , G. L. Cabe, and P. H. McClelland, “Emission characteristics of NbC/Nb field emitter array cathodes,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 21 (1), 422, Jan/Feb (2003).

W. A. Mackie, L. A. Southall, Tianbao Xie , G. L. Cabe, and P. H. McClelland, “Emission fluctuation and slope-intercept plot characterization of Pt and transition metal carbide field-emission cathodes in limited current regimes,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 21 (4), 1574-80, Jul/Aug (2003).

F.M. Charbonnier, L.A. Southall, and W.A. Mackie, “Emission characteristics of NbC/Nb field emitters,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 22 (4), 1643-52, Jul/Aug (2004).

F.M. Charbonnier, L.A. Southall, and W.A. Mackie, “Noise and emission characterization of NbC/Nb field emitters,” submitted to JVST-B, July (2004).

K. J. Kagarice, G.G. Magera, S.D. Pollard and W.A. Mackie, "Cold field emission from HfC (310),"
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 26(2), Mar/Apr 2008, pp. 868-871.